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500 years ago, one anonymous note dropped into a wooden box could put you in front of a court. Nobody called themselves gay or lesbian yet – but courts across Europe kept detailed records of the people they punished for loving someone of the same sex. In this video we follow those records: the Officers of the Night in Florence and the accusation against Leonardo da Vinci, the Council of Ten in Venice, Katherina Hetzeldorfer in 1477, Henry VIII's Buggery Act, the Inquisition in Aragon, Michelangelo's love poems to Tommaso dei Cavalieri – and the abbess Benedetta Carlini. Chapters 0:00 One anonymous note 0:36 Florence: the Officers of the Night 1:48 Venice: the Council of Ten 2:12 Germany: Katherina Hetzeldorfer (1477) 3:00 England: the Buggery Act (1533) 3:36 Spain: the Inquisition of Aragon 4:12 Michelangelo's hidden love poems 5:00 Benedetta Carlini, the abbess of Pescia 5:36 So… what if you were gay 500 years ago? SOURCES & FURTHER READING Florence and the Officers of the Night (about 17,000 men accused, 1432–1502): • Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (Oxford University Press): https://academic.oup.com/book/47528 • Hidden Florence (University of Exeter), "Sex and the city": https://hiddenflorence.org/stories/politics-and-people/6-sex-and-the-city/ Leonardo da Vinci and the anonymous accusations of 1476: https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/works-and-artists/was-leonardo-da-vinci-gay-on-the-homosexuality-of-the-tuscan-genius Venice and the Council of Ten (conviction figures from Guido Ruggiero, The Boundaries of Eros, Oxford University Press): https://openworks.wooster.edu/blackandgold/vol1/iss1/2 Katherina Hetzeldorfer (Speyer, 1477): • Helmut Puff, "Female Sodomy: The Trial of Katherina Hetzeldorfer (1477)", Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 30 (2000) The Constitutio Criminalis Carolina of 1532, article 116 (historic edition): https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TTs_AAAAYAAJ Henry VIII's Buggery Act and Walter Hungerford (English Heritage): https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/lgbtq-history/walter-hungerford-and-the-buggery-act The Inquisition in Aragon (William Monter, Frontiers of Heresy, Cambridge University Press): https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/frontiers-of-heresy/sodomy-the-fateful-accident/344D5832C71C4981994BBB3CB06CA47C Michelangelo's poems and the 1623 edition (University College London): https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10069328/1/Owens%20Michelangelo%20for%20MLN.pdf Benedetta Carlini (Judith C. Brown, Immodest Acts, Oxford University Press): https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/carlini-benedetta-1590-1661 Tiko Through Time – history's strangest and most surprising truths, told simply. New videos every week. #history #lgbthistory #renaissance

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