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Now on to the Opium War! The Macartney expedition did not draw on the knowledge of Jesuit missionaries or even merchants who were familiar with Chinese court customs, because the British felt that a noble like Macartney was the only fitting representative. He didn't come prepared to handle the kowtow, and he didn't understand that the Chinese would have been more interested in British agricultural tech than they were in trinkets. James reads the disdainful letter which the Daoguang Emperor wrote to King George III in response to the embassy. There also happened to be a political upheaval in the Chinese palace at the time, so if the British had arrived sooner, they may have met with a different result and avoided the Opium Wars entirely. Once the war came to a head, it caused great division in Britain. Even though it was a war to sell illegal drugs, it was often recast as a war the Chinese provoked by insisting on the kowtow and treating other nations as vassals. Two traders by the names of James Matheson and William Jardine helped tip the scales for war because it helped their business, which had gotten a huge start in the opium trade. The Jardine-Matheson trading firm still exists today, and is a multibillion dollar company. Back in China, the British blockade of Canton's port led to an odd first confrontation. A British ship called the Royal Saxon ran the blockade, so the British fired a warning shot to make it turn back. The Chinese, to prove they still controlled their sovereign waters, took this as an opportunity to challenge the blockade. Thus, their defense of a British smuggler led them into a war that, ironically, was about stopping British smugglers. The British official directing the war efforts, Charles Elliot, found himself in an awkward situation. He loved his country, but he morally objected to the British agenda in China. He tried to pave a moderate path, only to be fired and reviled as a failure. But after he left, the war truly got vicious. The British committed many atrocities in their campaign. They never sought to hold China, however, because their wars in India had taught them how impossible such an undertaking would be. Thus they settled on the unequal treaty. And as for Walpole... well, he started it, of course. Tea became such a large part of Britain's economy because of the large tax levied on it. And who levied that tax? It was Walpole. He actually repealed an earlier, heavily resented tax and got political accolades for doing so, then introduced a much higher tax under a different name that flew under the radar even while it brought in hundreds of thousands of pounds for the government every year. The government's reliance on tea for funding would later propel them to take such extraordinary measures to secure access to tea via Chinese trade. So who really started the Opium War? Well. It was Walpole. Learn about the disastrous Macartney Embassy that tried and failed to improve British trade relations with China: http://bit.ly/28Ro4B1 * Watch Extra History ad-free & get 1-week early access on *NEBULA* https://go.nebula.tv/extrahistory * Suggest & Vote on our next episodes, get exclusive content & 24-hour early access on *PATREON* https://bit.ly/EHPatreon * Show off your fandom with *MERCH* from our store! http://extracredits.store/ *Interested in sponsoring an episode?* Email us: [email protected] TWITTER: http://bit.ly/ECTweet I FACEBOOK: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage INSTAGRAM: http://bit.ly/ECisonInstagram I TIKTOK: https://bit.ly/ECtiktokz BLUESKY: https://bit.ly/ECBlueSky I TWITCH: https://bit.ly/ECtwitch GAMING: https://www.youtube.com/@extracredits *Miss an episode in our Opium War Series?* Part 1 - https://youtu.be/fgQahGsYokU Part 2 - https://youtu.be/qHmuuc7m1AA Part 3 - https://youtu.be/jAjUqwauf-A Part 4 - https://youtu.be/s9WRmsHFUg0 Series Wrap-up & Lies Episode - https://youtu.be/v9beMOxGOrk ♪ "Waning Moon" by Sean and Dean Kiner - Available on Patreon! - https://youtu.be/BeBeJnqk6V0 Thanks for the high-quality conversations & for following our community guidelines here: https://bit.ly/ECFansRNice Host/Extra History Writer: James Portnow #ExtraHistory #OpiumWar #History

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